Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm kev loj hlob sai nyob rau hauv tshiab lub zog tsheb thiab lub zog cia technologies, kev xaiv ntawm roj teeb technology ncaj qha txiav txim lub lag luam kev sib tw ntawm cov khoom. Txawm hais tias nickel-hlau hydride (NiMH) roj teeb tau ruaj ntseg qhov chaw hauv kev lag luam tsheb hybrid vim lawv txoj kev nyab xeeb thiab kev siv cov neeg laus, kev tshuaj xyuas zoo ntawm lawv cov yam ntxwv thiab kev ua lag luam qhia tau tias cov teeb meem tseem ceeb xws li tsis tshua muaj zog, cov nqi siab, thiab kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb degradation tau ua rau nws nyuaj rau lawv kom ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm {2} siab ceev {3} kev daws teeb meem nyob rau hauv feem ntau niaj hnub industrial daim ntaub ntawv. Kab lus no yuav txheeb xyuas cov kev txwv ntawm NiMH roj teeb los ntawm peb qhov loj: cov qauv siv thev naus laus zis, kev siv hauv kev lag luam, thiab cov qauv kev lag luam.
1. Energy Density: The Fundamental Bottleneck Restricting Range and Lightweight Design
Lub zog ceev ntawm NiMH roj teeb tsuas yog 70-100 Wh / kg, deb tshaj li ntawm lithium-ion roj teeb (LIBs), uas sawv ntawm 200-300 Wh / kg. Qhov sib txawv no tshwj xeeb yog kev puas tsuaj rau lub tsheb hluav taws xob (EV) sector: coj Toyota Prius ua piv txwv, nws cov NiMH roj teeb pob hnyav tshaj 130 kilograms tab sis tsuas yog muab tau 1.6 kWh ntawm hluav taws xob siv tau, txwv lub tsheb tsav tsheb. Hauv qhov sib piv, LIB pob siv hauv Tesla Model 3 muaj lub zog ntom ntom ntawm 260 Wh / kg, ua kom nws khaws ntau dua peb zaug ntawm hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv tib qhov hnyav thiab ncaj qha txhawb kev tsav tsheb ntau tshaj 600 mais.
Qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub zog ceev kuj tseem txuas ntxiv mus rau thaj chaw ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob portable. Rau ib hom ntawm cov koob yees duab digital, yog tias siv roj teeb NiMH, nws yuav tsum muaj plaub AA{1}} hom roj teeb (qhov hnyav kwv yees li 100 grams tag nrho) kom ua tiav kev tua 800 duab. Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho 3.7V LIB (qhov hnyav txog 30 grams) tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov kev ua tau zoo. Qhov kev tsis sib xws no tau coj mus rau theem maj mam- tawm ntawm NiMH roj teeb hauv lub xov tooj smartphone, drone, thiab lwm yam khoom siv hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob uas nkag siab qhov hnyav.
2. Tus Qauv Nqi: Qhov Ob Qhov Teeb Meem ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Tau Txais thiab Cov Teeb Meem
Txawm hais tias chav tsev nqi ntawm NiMH roj teeb qis dua li ntawm LIBs, lawv qhov zoo dua ntawm tag nrho cov nqi ntawm lub neej yog txo qis. Cov laj thawj tseem ceeb yog raws li nram no:
Nyob ntawm Rare Earth Materials: Cov electrode tsis zoo ntawm hydrogen cia alloy yuav tsum tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus xws li lanthanum thiab cerium, uas nws cov nqi tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb hloov pauv. Thaum lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj nqi nce siab hauv 2021, tus nqi ntawm NiMH roj teeb tau nce 40% xyoo-ntawm- xyoo, thaum LIBs ua tiav cov nqi txo los ntawm lithium hlau phosphate (LFP) thev naus laus zis txoj hauv kev.
Manufacturing Complexity: Kev tsim cov roj teeb NiMH yuav tsum tau siv cov txheej txheem electrode thiab alloy sintering yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev, nrog cov cuab yeej siv zog siv 1.8 npaug ntawm LIB cov kab ntau lawm. Tus nqi ruaj khov no ua rau nws nyuaj rau cov tuam txhab me me - nplai kom tau txais txiaj ntsig, ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv kev lag luam concentration.
Poor Recycling Economics: Recycling NiMH roj teeb yuav tsum muaj cov cuab yeej tshaj lij los tswj cov hlau xws li npib tsib xee thiab cobalt, nrog cov nqi rov ua dua tshiab suav txog 25% ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov roj teeb tshiab. Hauv qhov sib piv, LIB rov ua dua tuaj yeem ua tiav ntau dua 95% cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab los ntawm "hydrometallurgical" thev naus laus zis, nrog cov txiaj ntsig rov ua dua ntawm 15% -20%.
Hauv kev lag luam tsheb hybrid, tus nqi ntawm NiMH roj teeb pob tseem siab li $600-800 ib kWh, 1.5 npaug ntawm LIB pob. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm tus nqi no tau ua rau cov neeg tsim tsheb xws li Hyundai thiab Honda maj mam hloov mus rau LIB cov kev daws teeb meem hauv lawv cov txheej txheem tshiab hybrid.
3. Kev ua tau zoo degradation: Lub dual Shackles ntawm nco nyhuv thiab kub rhiab heev
Qhov teeb meem muaj peev xwm degradation ntawm NiMH roj teeb yog qhov hnyav dua li cov ntaub ntawv theoretical qhia:
Residual Memory Effect: Txawm hais tias cov roj teeb NiMH niaj hnub no tau txo cov txiaj ntsig kev nco kom qis dua 5% los ntawm sintered phaj thev naus laus zis, lawv lub peev xwm degradation tus nqi tseem yog 30% sai dua li ntawm LIBs nyob rau hauv qhov tsis tshua muaj nqi qis dua -tso tawm scenarios (xws li kev siv hluav taws xob sib cuam tshuam). Kev ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm qee hom kev xyaum hluav taws xob qhia tau hais tias lub peev xwm tuav tau ntawm NiMH roj teeb tsuas yog 65% tom qab 500 cycles, thaum lub LIBs nce mus txog 82% nyob rau tib lub sijhawm.
High -Qhov kub thiab txias Performance Degradation: Ntawm 45 degree, qhov kev them nqi ntawm NiMH roj teeb poob los ntawm 40%, thiab cov kev tiv thaiv sab hauv nce los ntawm ob zaug, ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov ntau ntxiv. Ib qho kev tshawb fawb ntawm ib lub zog cia system qhia tau hais tias qhov tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm NiMH roj teeb packs nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov yog peb zaug nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no, thaum LIBs tuaj yeem tswj qhov kub ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm 25-35℃los ntawm kev siv tshuab ua kua.
Siab tus kheej- tus nqi tso tawm: NiMH roj teeb muaj peev xwm poob ntawm 10% -30% tom qab tso rau hauv lub xeev them tag nrho rau 28 hnub, uas yog 2-3 npaug ntawm LIBs. Cov yam ntxwv no yuav tsum tau them rov qab ntau zaus thiab kev saib xyuas rau NiMH roj teeb hauv lub zog thaub qab thiab lub hnub ci zog cia qhov xwm txheej, nce nqi ua haujlwm.
4. Shrinking Application Scenarios: Txoj Kev Hloov Los ntawm Mainstream mus rau Marginalization
Qhov chaw lag luam rau NiMH roj teeb tau raug txuas ntxiv los ntawm LIBs:
Automotive Sector: Hauv xyoo 2024, qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm NiMH roj teeb kev teeb tsa hauv ntiaj teb kev muag tsheb hybrid tau poob los ntawm 78% hauv 2019 txog 32%, thaum qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm LIB kev teeb tsa tau nce mus rau 68%. Cov tiam tshiab ntawm Toyota Prius tau txais tag nrho LIB cov kev daws teeb meem.
Consumer Electronics: Kev sib koom ua lag luam ntawm NiMH roj teeb hauv cov koob yees duab digital, cov tswj kev ua si, thiab lwm yam khoom lag luam poob los ntawm 45% hauv 2015 mus rau 8% hauv 2024, tau hloov los ntawm LIBs thiab cov khoom tshiab - lub xeev cov roj teeb.
Zog Cia Systems: Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej xws li daim phiaj ncov shaving thiab lub zog hauv tsev, NiMH roj teeb pom tias nws nyuaj rau kev ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau rau qhov loj - lub zog cia vim lawv lub zog tsis txaus, thaum LIBs tau ua tus thawj coj los ntawm kev tsim txiaj ntawm kev txo nqi thiab txhim kho lub neej voj voog.
5. Kev txwv tsis pub muaj kev cuam tshuam: Cov khoom siv tshiab tsis tuaj yeem kov yeej kev txwv lub cev
Txawm hais tias kev lag luam tau sim txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm NiMH roj teeb los ntawm cov lus hauv qab no:
Nano{0}}Crystalline Hydrogen Storage Alloys: Txo cov qoob loo loj ntawm cov hlau mus rau qib nanometer nce hydrogen cia muaj peev xwm los ntawm 15%, tab sis cov khoom raug nqi triples.
Khoom-state Electrolytes: Siv polymer electrolytes es tsis txhob ua kua electrolytes txo tus kheej - paug tus nqi mus rau 5% nyob rau ib lub hlis, tab sis qhov txo nyob rau hauv ionic conductivity ua rau ib tug 20% poob nyob rau hauv charge- paug efficiency.
Battery Management System Optimization: Txuas lub roj teeb pob lub neej los ntawm kev sib npaug ntawm cov cuab yeej siv zog ua kom cov nqi ntawm 40%, ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm qhov loj.
Cov kev txhim kho no tsis tau tawg los ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg lub cev ntawm NiMH roj teeb, thiab lawv lub zog ntom ntom qab nthab 注定 (yog destined rau) tsis tuaj yeem sib tw nrog LIBs.
Cov ntsiab lus: Kev xaiv zoo hauv kev siv thev naus laus zis
Qhov teeb meem ntawm NiMH roj teeb qhia txog txoj cai tseem ceeb tswj hwm kev txhim kho ntawm lub zog khaws cov thev naus laus zis: qhov nce thiab poob ntawm ib qho kev siv thev naus laus zis yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua si dynamic ntawm peb lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog ceev, nqi, thiab kev nyab xeeb. With LIBs breaking through the 350 Wh/kg energy density mark and the commercialization of solid-state batteries accelerating, NiMH batteries are sliding out of the mainstream technological梯队. Rau cov lag luam, qhov muag tsis pom kev ua raws li cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis uas twb muaj lawm yuav ua rau tsis muaj kev hloov pauv; rau cov neeg tsim cai lij choj, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ceev faj tiv thaiv cov khoom siv misallocation los ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntau dhau ntawm cov peev txheej tsim tawm. Tsuas yog los ntawm kev ua raws li txoj cai ntawm thev naus laus zis evolution tuaj yeem tuav lub tswv yim hauv kev hloov pauv lub zog tshiab.